What are the 4 Principles of Sufism?

Sufism, an esoteric branch of Islam, has captivated countless hearts and minds across different corners of the globe. Embedded within its mystical teachings are profound spiritual dimensions that transcend borders, enriching the lives of millions. But have you ever wondered which countries harbor the highest population of Sufis? Journey with me as we explore the tapestry of nations adorned with the vibrant hues of Sufi devotion. From the dervish-filled landscapes of Turkey, where the captivating whirling ceremony originated, to the enchanting realms of Morocco, where tranquil Zawiyas radiate peaceful vibes. We will uncover the hidden gems of Pakistan, where Sufism interweaves with the cultural fabric, and the magnificent land of India, where Sufi masters have left indelible marks. Brace yourself for an enticing voyage as we unravel the mysteries of these Sufi havens and bask in the wisdom of their ethereal traditions.

Understanding Sufism and its Global Impact

Exploring the essence of Sufism

Sufism, also known as tasawwuf, is a mystical branch of Islam that focuses on the inner, spiritual dimension of the faith. It is characterized by its emphasis on experiencing a direct and personal connection with God, seeking spiritual enlightenment, and striving for self-transformation.

The Origins of Sufism

Sufism emerged in the early centuries of Islam as a response to the growing materialism and formalism within the Muslim community. Its proponents sought to go beyond the external rituals and legalistic aspects of religion, delving into the depths of the soul to attain a deeper understanding of God and His teachings.

Core Beliefs and Practices

1. Tawhid: Sufis believe in the concept of Tawhid, the oneness of God. They strive to experience the divine presence, seeking to unite themselves with the Ultimate Reality.
2. Dhikr and Sama: Dhikr, the remembrance of God, and Sama, spiritual music and dance, are integral practices in Sufism. Through rhythmic chants, repetitive prayers, and ecstatic music, Sufis aim to reach a state of spiritual ecstasy and transcendence.
3. Muraqaba and Mushahada: Muraqaba refers to the practice of meditation and silent contemplation, while Mushahada refers to the experience of spiritual visions and insights. Sufis engage in these practices to achieve a deeper understanding of the divine mysteries and to attain spiritual enlightenment.
4. Murid and Shaykh: The relationship between a murid (disciple) and a shaykh (spiritual guide) is central to Sufism. The shaykh acts as a mentor, guiding the murid on their spiritual journey and imparting wisdom and teachings.
5. Love and Compassion: Sufism emphasizes the importance of love and compassion as essential qualities in the path towards God. Sufis believe that love is the driving force behind the universe and that through love, they can transcend the ego and unite with the Divine.

Sufism Around the World

Sufism has spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond, with followers found in various countries around the globe. While it is challenging to determine the exact number of Sufis in each country, some nations have a higher population of Sufis compared to others.

Understanding Sufism and its Global Impact (Continued…)

Stay tuned for the next section, where we will explore the countries with the highest population of Sufis and delve into the reasons behind their prominence in the practice of Sufism.

The spread of Sufism across the world

Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, has gained followers across various regions of the world. While it originated in the Middle East, its teachings and practices have spread to other continents through a combination of missionary efforts, trade routes, and cultural exchanges. Here are some of the countries with the highest populations of Sufis:

1. Pakistan: Pakistan is home to one of the largest populations of Sufis in the world. Sufism has a long-standing presence in the country, dating back to the arrival of Sufi saints and scholars in the region during the 11th and 12th centuries. Today, Sufism is deeply ingrained in Pakistani society, with numerous Sufi shrines and spiritual gatherings attracting devotees from all walks of life.

2. India: India has a rich history of Sufism, with the arrival of Sufi saints from Persia and Central Asia in the medieval period. Sufi orders, known as silsilas, were established in various parts of the country, emphasizing love, peace, and spiritual transcendence. Today, Sufism continues to thrive in India, particularly in regions such as Kashmir, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh, where Sufi saints have left a lasting impact on local culture and traditions.

3. Turkey: Turkey has a significant population of Sufis, with a long-established tradition of Sufi orders. One of the most prominent Sufi orders, the Mevlevi Order, is based in Turkey and is known for its distinctive whirling dervishes. Istanbul, the country’s largest city, is home to several important Sufi shrines and is a center for Sufi music and poetry.

4. Morocco: Sufism has a deep-rooted presence in Morocco, where it is an integral part of the country’s religious and cultural fabric. The country is known for its vibrant Sufi traditions, with various Sufi brotherhoods, such as the Qadiriyya and Tijaniyya orders, attracting large numbers of followers. Sufi music and dance, including the famous Gnawa music, are an essential part of Morocco’s cultural heritage.

5. Indonesia: Indonesia, the world’s most populous Muslim-majority country, also has a significant population of Sufis. Sufism in Indonesia, known as “kebatinan,” has merged with indigenous Javanese beliefs and practices, creating a unique syncretic form of Sufism. The country is home to numerous Sufi brotherhoods, and Sufi teachers, known as kyai, hold a revered position in Indonesian society.

It is important to note that while these countries have high populations of Sufis, Sufism itself is not limited to these regions. Sufi communities can be found in many other countries, including Bangladesh, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, and Senegal, among others. The global spread of Sufism highlights its universal appeal and its ability to transcend cultural and geographical boundaries.

Sufism in the Middle East

Sufism’s historical roots in the Middle East

Sufism, the mystical dimension of Islam, has deep historical roots in the Middle East. Its origins can be traced back to the early days of Islam, with many of its key figures emerging in the region. Here are some key details about Sufism’s historical roots in the Middle East:

1. Early Sufi figures: Sufism began to take shape in the 8th century CE, with early Sufi figures such as Hasan al-Basri and Rabia al-Adawiyya gaining prominence in the Middle East. These individuals played a crucial role in shaping the early Sufi tradition and spreading its teachings.

2. Influence of Persian culture: The Middle East saw a significant influence of Persian culture on Sufism. Persian poets and mystics, such as Rumi and Hafez, played a pivotal role in popularizing Sufi ideas and practices. Their writings and teachings continue to resonate with Sufis in the Middle East and beyond.

3. Sufi orders: Over time, various Sufi orders or tariqas emerged in the Middle East. These orders, such as the Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya, and Chishtiyya, provided a structured framework for Sufi practice and helped facilitate the spread of Sufism across the region. Each order had its own unique teachings and practices, contributing to the diversity of Sufi traditions in the Middle East.

4. Centers of Sufism: Throughout history, certain cities and regions in the Middle East have served as major centers of Sufism. For example, Konya in present-day Turkey was home to the renowned Sufi poet and philosopher Rumi, and continues to be a significant pilgrimage site for Sufis. Similarly, cities like Cairo in Egypt and Kerman in Iran have also been important hubs of Sufi activity.

5. Influence on Islamic art and culture: Sufism’s influence extends beyond religious practice to various aspects of Islamic art and culture. Sufi poetry, music, calligraphy, and architecture have all been profoundly shaped by Sufi beliefs and aesthetics. The Middle East, with its rich cultural heritage, has been a fertile ground for the flourishing of Sufi-inspired artistic expressions.

Overall, the Middle East has a rich and diverse history when it comes to Sufism. The region’s deep connection to early Islamic history, the influence of Persian culture, the presence of various Sufi orders, and the impact on art and culture have all contributed to the prominence of Sufism in the Middle East.

Prominent countries with a significant Sufi population

Sufism, a mystical dimension of Islam, has a significant presence in various countries around the world. When it comes to the Middle East, several nations stand out for their substantial Sufi populations. These countries have fostered a rich Sufi tradition, with numerous Sufi orders and shrines attracting devotees and seekers of spiritual enlightenment. Let us explore some of the prominent countries in the Middle East that have a significant Sufi population:

Turkey

Turkey is widely recognized as a stronghold of Sufism, with a long and vibrant history of Sufi teachings and practices. The country has been home to various influential Sufi orders, including the Mevlevi Order, also known as the Whirling Dervishes. The Mevlevi Order, founded by the renowned poet and mystic Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, has played a crucial role in spreading Sufi teachings and rituals worldwide. The annual Sema ceremony, where the dervishes whirl in a mesmerizing dance, is a testament to the enduring Sufi legacy in Turkey.

Iran

Iran, with its deep-rooted Islamic culture, has a sizable Sufi population. Sufism has been an integral part of the country’s spiritual fabric for centuries, influencing its poetry, music, and art. Sufi orders like the Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya, and Nimatullahi have thrived in Iran, attracting followers who seek spiritual guidance and enlightenment. The mausoleum of the great Persian poet and Sufi mystic, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, located in Konya, Iran, serves as a pilgrimage site for countless Sufi devotees and admirers.

Egypt

Egypt has long been regarded as a center of Sufi spirituality in the Arab world. The country boasts a diverse array of Sufi orders, each with its unique practices and teachings. One of the most well-known Sufi orders in Egypt is the Mawlawiyya, which traces its lineage back to Rumi’s Mevlevi Order. The annual Mulid al-Nabi (the Prophet’s birthday) celebrations in Egypt witness fervent Sufi rituals and gatherings, attracting thousands of devotees from all walks of life.

While Turkey, Iran, and Egypt are prominent countries with significant Sufi populations in the Middle East, it is important to note that Sufism transcends national boundaries. Sufi communities can be found in various other countries in the region, such as Morocco, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, where Sufi practices and teachings continue to inspire and guide individuals on their spiritual journeys.

Sufism in South Asia

Sufism’s deep-rooted presence in South Asia

Sufism, a mystical and spiritual dimension of Islam, has a rich history and a deep-rooted presence in South Asia. This region, comprising countries such as Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, has been a hub for Sufi teachings and practices for centuries. The following factors contribute to the significant population of Sufis in South Asia:

1. Historical Influence: Sufism found its way into South Asia through the spread of Islam in the region during the medieval period. Sufi saints and scholars played a vital role in spreading the message of Islam and establishing Sufi orders, known as tariqas, which continue to thrive in South Asia today.

2. Cultural Integration: Sufism in South Asia has seamlessly integrated with the local culture, traditions, and languages, making it accessible to a larger population. Sufi poetry, music, and dance have become an integral part of the region’s cultural fabric, attracting followers from diverse backgrounds.

3. Shrines and Dargahs: South Asia is home to numerous Sufi shrines and dargahs (tombs of Sufi saints) that hold immense significance for Sufi followers. These sacred sites act as centers of spirituality and pilgrimage, attracting millions of devotees annually. The popularity of these shrines has contributed to the growth of Sufism in South Asia.

4. Sufi Orders and Spiritual Lineages: Various Sufi orders, such as the Chishti, Naqshbandi, and Qadiri, have flourished in South Asia, each with its own unique teachings and practices. These orders have established spiritual lineages, with disciples passing down knowledge and spiritual guidance through generations. This continuity has ensured the preservation and expansion of Sufism in the region.

5. Influence on Literature and Art: Sufi literature, such as the works of Rumi, Hafiz, and Bulleh Shah, has had a profound impact on the literary traditions of South Asia. Sufi poetry, with its themes of love, devotion, and spiritual enlightenment, has resonated deeply with the people, leading to a wider acceptance and adoption of Sufi beliefs.

Overall, the deep-rooted presence of Sufism in South Asia can be attributed to its historical influence, cultural integration, the presence of Sufi shrines, the establishment of spiritual lineages, and its impact on literature and art. These factors have contributed to the widespread popularity of Sufism in countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, making South Asia one of the regions with the highest population of Sufis.
Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, has a strong presence in several countries around the world. In particular, South Asia is known for its rich Sufi heritage, with several countries boasting a significant population of Sufis. Among these countries, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh stand out as prominent nations with a strong Sufi presence.

Pakistan

Pakistan is often hailed as the home of Sufism, with a substantial population of Sufi practitioners and shrines scattered throughout the country. The famous shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sehwan Sharif attracts millions of devotees each year, making it one of the most important Sufi sites in the world. Other notable Sufi shrines in Pakistan include the Data Darbar in Lahore and the Shrine of Abdullah Shah Ghazi in Karachi. Sufi orders such as the Qadiriyya, Chishtiyya, and Naqshbandiyya have a strong following in Pakistan, contributing to the diversity and richness of Sufism in the country.

India

India, with its diverse religious landscape, is home to a significant population of Sufis. Sufi saints and their shrines have played a crucial role in shaping the religious and cultural fabric of the country. The dargahs (shrines) of famous Sufi saints like Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, and Hazrat Baba Bulleh Shah in Punjab attract devotees from all walks of life. The Chishti order, in particular, has a strong presence in India, with many Sufi centers and disciples spread across the country. Sufi music and poetry, like qawwali, have also become integral parts of Indian culture, further reflecting the deep-rooted influence of Sufism.

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, Sufism has thrived for centuries, shaping the spiritual and cultural landscape of the nation. The country is home to numerous Sufi shrines and mausoleums, with the shrine of Hazrat Shahjalal in Sylhet being one of the most revered. Sufi orders like the Qadiriyya, Naqshbandiyya, and Chishtiyya have a strong presence in Bangladesh, attracting followers and seekers of spiritual guidance. The annual Urs (death anniversary) celebrations at these shrines draw large crowds, further highlighting the popularity and significance of Sufism in the country.

In conclusion, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh can be considered as prominent countries with a significant population of Sufis. These nations preserve and nurture the Sufi tradition, contributing to the vibrant tapestry of Sufism in the region. The presence of Sufi saints, shrines, and the followers of various Sufi orders in these countries showcases the enduring influence of Sufism in South Asia.

Sufism in North Africa

Sufism’s influence in North African countries

Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, has a significant presence in several North African countries. Its influence can be seen in various aspects of these nations’ religious, cultural, and social fabric. Here are some details regarding Sufism’s impact on North African countries:

1. Morocco: Morocco is known for its rich Sufi tradition, with numerous Sufi brotherhoods, or tariqas, spread across the country. The most prominent Sufi order in Morocco is the Qadiriyya, which has a large following. Sufi rituals, such as the dhikr (chanting of God’s name) and the mawlid (celebration of the Prophet Muhammad’s birthday), are an integral part of Moroccan religious life.

2. Algeria: Sufism has had a strong presence in Algeria for centuries. The country is home to various Sufi orders, including the Tijaniyya and the Rahmaniyya. These orders have played a significant role in shaping Algeria’s religious landscape and have contributed to the spread of Islam throughout the region. Many Algerians actively participate in Sufi practices, such as attending zawiya (Sufi meeting places) and engaging in spiritual retreats.

3. Tunisia: Sufism has deep roots in Tunisia, and its influence can be observed in the country’s religious and cultural life. The country is home to several Sufi orders, including the Shadhiliyya and the Qadiriyya. Sufi practices, such as the recitation of litanies and the remembrance of God, are widespread among Tunisian Sufis. Additionally, Sufi shrines and mausoleums are important pilgrimage sites for Tunisian Muslims.

4. Libya: Sufism has a significant following in Libya, with various Sufi orders present in the country. The Sanusiyya order, founded in the late 18th century, played a crucial role in Libya’s history and contributed to the spread of Sufism in the region. Sufi practices, such as the celebration of saints’ birthdays and the performance of mystical music and dance, are cherished by Libyan Sufis.

5. Egypt: Egypt has a long-standing Sufi heritage, with numerous Sufi orders operating within the country. The most renowned Sufi order in Egypt is the Mawlawiyya, known for its distinctive whirling dervishes. Sufism has deeply influenced Egyptian culture, literature, and music, with Sufi poetry and songs being popular forms of artistic expression.

In conclusion, Sufism has a strong presence in North African countries, with Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt being notable examples. The teachings and practices of Sufism have left an indelible mark on the religious, cultural, and social aspects of these nations, shaping their identities and fostering a sense of spiritual connection among their populations.

Morocco

Morocco, located in North Africa, has a significant population of Sufis. Sufism has a long history in Morocco, with various Sufi orders or tariqas existing throughout the country. One of the most prominent Sufi orders in Morocco is the Shadhili order, which has a large following in cities like Fes and Marrakech. The tariqas in Morocco often have a strong presence in the local communities, with followers participating in regular gatherings and rituals. Sufism in Morocco is known for its emphasis on spiritual experiences and the pursuit of inner knowledge.

Algeria

Algeria, another North African country, is also home to a considerable population of Sufis. Sufism has been an integral part of the religious landscape in Algeria for centuries. The country is known for its diverse Sufi orders, including the Qadiriyya, Tijaniyya, and Rahmaniyya. These orders have followers spread across the country, with many practicing Sufism as a way to connect with the divine and seek spiritual enlightenment. Sufi gatherings and ceremonies are common in Algeria, providing a space for believers to engage in religious practices and receive guidance from their spiritual leaders.

Tunisia

Tunisia, located in the Maghreb region of North Africa, also has a significant population of Sufis. Sufism has had a strong influence on Tunisian culture and religious practices. Various Sufi orders, such as the Shadhiliyya and the Qadiriyya, have a notable presence in the country. Sufi practices in Tunisia involve a range of rituals, including dhikr (remembrance of God), music, and dance. Sufi brotherhoods or zawiyas serve as spiritual centers for followers, providing them with guidance and support on their spiritual journey. Sufism in Tunisia has played a vital role in preserving Islamic traditions and fostering a sense of community among believers.

Overall, these three countries in North Africa – Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia – have a significant population of Sufis. Sufism has deep roots in the region, with various Sufi orders attracting followers and contributing to the religious and cultural fabric of these countries. The presence of Sufism in these nations highlights the enduring appeal and importance of this mystical tradition within the Islamic world.

Sufism in West Africa

Sufi traditions in West African countries

Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, has a significant presence in many West African countries. These countries have deep-rooted traditions and practices that have shaped the Sufi landscape in the region. Here are some key details about Sufi traditions in West African countries:

1. Senegal: Senegal is known for its vibrant Sufi culture, particularly the Mouride brotherhood. The Mouride brotherhood, founded in the late 19th century by Sheikh Amadou Bamba, is one of the most influential Sufi orders in Senegal. It is estimated that almost one-third of Senegal’s population follows the Mouride brotherhood. The annual pilgrimage to the holy city of Touba, the spiritual center of the Mouride brotherhood, attracts millions of followers from around the world.

2. Mali: Mali has a rich Sufi heritage, with various Sufi orders flourishing in the country. One of the prominent Sufi orders in Mali is the Qadiriyya brotherhood. The Qadiriyya order was introduced to Mali in the 18th century and has since gained a significant following. The city of Timbuktu, known for its historic mosques and Islamic learning centers, has been an important center for Sufism in Mali.

3. Nigeria: Sufism has a strong presence in Nigeria, particularly in the northern regions of the country. The Tijaniyya brotherhood, founded by Sheikh Ahmad Tijani, has a substantial following in Nigeria and other West African countries. The Tijaniyya order emphasizes spiritual purification and the remembrance of God through various practices such as the recitation of specific prayers and the celebration of the prophet Muhammad’s birthday.

4. Guinea-Bissau: Guinea-Bissau is another West African country with a significant population of Sufis. The Balanta people, one of the largest ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau, have a deep-rooted Sufi tradition known as “Bissiriya.” Bissiriya combines elements of Islam and traditional African beliefs, and its followers engage in rituals and practices to communicate with the spiritual world.

5. Gambia: Sufism has a long history in the Gambia, with various Sufi orders coexisting in the country. The most prominent Sufi order in the Gambia is the Tijaniyya brotherhood, which has a large following among the Wolof ethnic group. The annual pilgrimage to the holy city of Medina Baye in Senegal, led by the Tijaniyya spiritual leader, attracts thousands of Gambian followers.

These are just a few examples of the Sufi traditions that thrive in West African countries. The influence of Sufism in these nations goes beyond religion and permeates various aspects of society, including culture, politics, and education. The presence of Sufis in these countries highlights the diversity and richness of Islamic traditions in West Africa.
Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, has a significant presence in various regions across the globe. When it comes to the countries with the highest population of Sufis, West Africa stands out prominently. The Sufi tradition has deeply rooted itself in the cultural and religious fabric of several West African nations, making them hotspots for Sufi practices and communities. Let’s explore some of the prominent countries in this region that boast a significant Sufi population:

Senegal

Senegal, a country located in West Africa, is widely recognized for its vibrant Sufi communities. The Mouride brotherhood, one of the largest Sufi orders in Senegal, has a considerable following. Founded by Sheikh Amadou Bamba in the late 19th century, the Mouride brotherhood emphasizes hard work, devotion, and discipline. The annual Grand Magal pilgrimage to Touba, the holy city of the Mouride, attracts millions of followers, making it one of the largest religious gatherings in Africa. The influence of Sufism in Senegal is also evident in various cultural practices, including music, art, and literature.

Mali

Mali, another West African country, is home to diverse Sufi communities. The Qadiriyya, Tijaniyya, and Hamawiyya are among the prominent Sufi orders that have a significant presence in Mali. The Qadiriyya order, founded by Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, has a strong following in the country. The annual celebration of the birth of the Prophet Muhammad, known as the Mawlid, is an important event for Malian Sufis. During this time, followers gather to engage in spiritual practices, recite poetry, and engage in communal feasts. Sufi music, particularly the use of traditional instruments such as the kora and ngoni, is also an integral part of the cultural landscape in Mali.

Nigeria

Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, has a rich Sufi heritage. The Tijaniyya order, founded by Sheikh Ahmad al-Tijani, has a significant following in the northern regions of Nigeria. The annual Maulud Nabiyy celebration, commemorating the birth of the Prophet Muhammad, is widely observed by Nigerian Sufis. During this time, Sufis engage in various spiritual practices, recitations of the Quran, and communal gatherings. Additionally, the Qadiriyya and Naqshbandi orders also have a notable presence in Nigeria. Sufi teachings and practices in Nigeria have had a profound impact on the cultural, social, and religious aspects of the country.

In conclusion, West Africa is home to several countries with a significant Sufi population. Senegal, Mali, and Nigeria stand out as prominent nations where Sufi traditions have deeply influenced the cultural and religious landscapes. The Sufi orders in these countries continue to attract followers, and their practices are interwoven into the fabric of everyday life. The presence and influence of Sufism in these countries highlight the diverse and dynamic nature of Islam in West Africa.

Sufism in Southeast Asia

Sufi practices in Southeast Asian countries

Southeast Asia is home to a significant population of Sufis, who follow various Sufi orders and engage in distinct spiritual practices. Here are some key details about Sufi practices in a few Southeast Asian countries:

1. Indonesia: With the world’s largest Muslim population, Indonesia has a vibrant Sufi community. The country is known for its pluralistic Islamic tradition, where Sufism has flourished alongside other Islamic practices. Some prominent Sufi orders in Indonesia include the Naqshbandiyya, Qadiriyya, and Shattariyya. Sufi practices in Indonesia often involve recitation of litanies (dhikr), meditation, and spiritual retreats (khalwa). Sufi teachers, known as kyai or ulama, play a crucial role in guiding their followers on the path of Sufism.

2. Malaysia: Sufism has a significant presence in Malaysia, where it has been influenced by various cultural and religious traditions. The country is known for its diverse Sufi orders, including the Shadhiliyya, Khalwatiyya, and Rifa’iyya. Sufi practices in Malaysia often include recitation of Quranic verses, chanting of Sufi poetry (qasidah), and participation in communal gatherings known as zikir. Some Sufi communities also engage in physical practices such as Sufi whirling (sama), which is believed to induce a trance-like state and facilitate spiritual transformation.

3. Thailand: Sufism in Thailand is influenced by the country’s unique blend of Theravada Buddhism and Islam. The dominant Sufi order in Thailand is the Naqshbandiyya, which emphasizes silent meditation (muraqaba) and remembrance of God (dhikr). Sufi practices in Thailand often include visits to Sufi shrines, where followers offer prayers and seek blessings. Some Sufi communities in Thailand also engage in ascetic practices, such as fasting and seclusion, as a means to purify the soul and attain spiritual enlightenment.

4. Singapore: Although a small city-state, Singapore is home to a diverse Sufi community comprising various ethnic groups. Sufi practices in Singapore are influenced by the country’s multicultural environment and the teachings of different Sufi orders. Followers engage in activities such as recitation of Sufi poetry, attending spiritual lectures (suhbah), and participating in communal rituals of remembrance (zikir). Sufi gatherings in Singapore often foster an atmosphere of unity and spiritual growth, where individuals from different backgrounds come together to seek closeness to God.

These examples highlight the prevalence of Sufi practices in Southeast Asian countries. However, it is important to note that Sufism is not limited to these specific countries and can be found in various degrees throughout the region. The diversity and richness of Sufi practices in Southeast Asia contribute to the overall tapestry of Islamic spirituality in the region.

Indonesia

Indonesia, with its vast Muslim population, is home to a significant number of Sufis. Sufism in Indonesia is deeply rooted in the country’s history and cultural fabric. The influence of Sufism can be traced back to the arrival of Islam in the archipelago, where it merged with local beliefs and practices. Today, Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world, and Sufism plays a vital role in shaping the spiritual landscape of the country.

Key Points:
– Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world.
– Sufism has a long history in Indonesia, dating back to the arrival of Islam.
– Sufism in Indonesia has merged with local beliefs and practices, creating a unique form of spirituality.

Malaysia

Malaysia is another country in Southeast Asia with a significant population of Sufis. Sufism has a strong presence in Malaysia, and it has been embraced by various communities across the country. The teachings of prominent Sufi scholars have influenced the spiritual practices of Malaysian Muslims, contributing to the rich tapestry of Islamic spirituality in the country.

• Sufism is widely practiced in Malaysia.
• Sufi teachings have had a significant impact on the spiritual practices of Malaysian Muslims.
• Sufism has become an integral part of Malaysia’s Islamic heritage.

Brunei

Brunei, a small country located on the island of Borneo, is also home to a notable population of Sufis. The practice of Sufism in Brunei has been nurtured over the years through the teachings of Sufi masters and the establishment of Sufi orders. Sufi practices, such as dhikr (remembrance of God), meditation, and seeking spiritual guidance from Sufi teachers, are common among the Bruneian Muslim community.

• Sufism has found a place within the religious landscape of Brunei.
• Sufi masters and orders have played a crucial role in the development of Sufism in Brunei.
• Sufi practices, including dhikr and seeking spiritual guidance, are prevalent among Bruneian Muslims.

Sufism in Europe and the Americas

Sufi communities in Europe and the Americas

Europe and the Americas are home to a diverse range of Sufi communities. While Sufism is traditionally associated with countries in the Middle East and South Asia, its teachings and practices have spread to various parts of Europe and the Americas. Here are some countries with notable populations of Sufis:

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has a significant population of Sufis, particularly in cities like London, Manchester, and Birmingham. Sufi orders such as the Naqshbandiyya, Chishtiyya, and Qadiriyya have established strong spiritual communities in the UK. These communities often organize regular gatherings, Sufi retreats, and events to promote Sufi teachings and practices.

United States

In the United States, Sufi communities can be found in cities across the country. Major urban centers like New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago are home to diverse Sufi orders and organizations. The Sufi Foundation of America, the Sufi Order International, and the Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Order are some of the prominent Sufi groups operating in the US. These communities offer spiritual guidance, conduct Sufi gatherings, and provide a platform for individuals to explore Sufism.

Canada

Canada is also home to a growing population of Sufis. Sufi communities can be found in various cities, including Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. The Canadian Sufi Cultural Centre and the Sufi Order International have established a presence in the country, promoting the teachings of Sufism and organizing events that foster spiritual growth and understanding.

Germany

Germany has a significant Sufi population, with communities spread across the country. Berlin, Hamburg, and Cologne are among the cities where Sufi orders have established centers and spiritual communities. The Mevlevi Order, known for its whirling dervishes, has a strong presence in Germany, attracting individuals interested in experiencing the mystical aspects of Sufism.

France

France has a long history of Sufism, with various Sufi orders active in the country. Paris, Lyon, and Marseille are notable cities with Sufi communities. The Tariqa Alawiya and the Tariqa Boutchichiya are among the Sufi orders that have established centers in France, offering spiritual guidance, Sufi teachings, and practices to interested individuals.

Brazil

In Brazil, Sufism has gained popularity, particularly among individuals interested in exploring spirituality and mysticism. Sufi communities can be found in cities like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador. The Sufi Order International and the Tariqa Alawiya have created a presence in Brazil, providing platforms for Sufi teachings, practices, and gatherings.

These are just a few examples of the countries in Europe and the Americas that have sizable populations of Sufis. The presence of Sufi communities in these regions is a testament to the widespread appeal and universal nature of Sufism, transcending cultural and geographical boundaries.
Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, has managed to find a significant following not only in Muslim-majority countries but also in regions with diverse religious landscapes. Europe and the Americas have become home to a notable population of Sufis, who seek spiritual enlightenment and a deeper connection with the divine through practices such as meditation, chanting, and the study of sacred texts.

The United Kingdom has emerged as one of the prominent countries with a significant Sufi population. This can be attributed to its diverse and multicultural society, which has allowed for the flourishing of various religious and spiritual practices. British Sufis, both native-born and immigrant communities, have established numerous Sufi centers and organizations across the country. These centers serve as hubs for spiritual gatherings, Sufi teachings, and the dissemination of mystical poetry and music. London, in particular, has witnessed a growing Sufi presence, with various Sufi orders and groups attracting followers from different backgrounds. Notable Sufi figures have also emerged from the United Kingdom, contributing to the dissemination of Sufi teachings through books, lectures, and workshops.

In the United States, Sufism has gained a notable following, attracting individuals from diverse religious backgrounds. The country’s commitment to religious freedom and pluralism has provided fertile ground for the growth of Sufi communities. Sufi centers and organizations can be found across the country, with prominent cities such as New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago serving as hubs for Sufi activities. These centers offer a range of spiritual practices and teachings, including meditative practices, music, and the study of Sufi literature. The United States has also witnessed the rise of American-born Sufi teachers and scholars who have contributed to the dissemination of Sufi teachings and practices, both within the Sufi community and to a wider audience.

Canada, known for its multicultural society and commitment to religious diversity, has seen the emergence of a significant Sufi population. Sufi communities can be found in various Canadian cities, with Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal being notable hubs. Canadian Sufis, both immigrants and native-born, have established Sufi centers and organizations that serve as spaces for spiritual gatherings, Sufi teachings, and the exploration of Sufi music and poetry. These centers also contribute to interfaith dialogue and cooperation, fostering understanding and harmony among different religious communities. Canadian Sufis have actively participated in public events, promoting the values of peace, love, and spiritual unity, and have become important contributors to the country’s religious landscape.

In conclusion, while Sufism has its roots in Muslim-majority countries, it has found a significant following in Europe and the Americas. The United Kingdom, United States, and Canada stand out as prominent countries with a significant Sufi population. The diversity, religious freedom, and multiculturalism of these countries have provided an environment conducive to the growth of Sufi communities, attracting followers from various religious backgrounds. These Sufi communities have established centers and organizations that serve as platforms for spiritual practices, teachings, and the promotion of interfaith dialogue.

Exploring the Diversity of Sufi Practices

Different Sufi orders and their influence

Sufism is a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes spiritual knowledge and the direct experience of the divine. Within the broader umbrella of Sufism, there are various orders or tariqas that have emerged over the centuries. These orders are characterized by their unique teachings, practices, and spiritual lineages, and they have had a significant influence on the development and spread of Sufism across different regions of the world.

Here are some of the prominent Sufi orders and their influence in countries with the highest population of Sufis:

1. Naqshbandi Order: The Naqshbandi order is one of the most widespread Sufi orders, with followers found in countries such as Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan. It was founded by Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari in the 14th century and emphasizes silent meditation, remembrance of God, and strict adherence to Islamic law. The Naqshbandi order has played a crucial role in the spiritual and cultural fabric of these countries, with its teachings deeply ingrained in the local Sufi traditions.

2. Chishti Order: The Chishti order, named after its founder Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, has a strong presence in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. This order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and service to humanity. The Chishti Sufis have been instrumental in spreading Islam in the Indian subcontinent and have contributed to the syncretic traditions of the region, where Sufi saints are revered by people of different religious backgrounds.

3. Mevlevi Order: The Mevlevi order, also known as the Whirling Dervishes, is closely associated with the teachings of the Persian poet and mystic, Rumi. This order is particularly prominent in Turkey, where it originated in the 13th century. The Mevlevi Sufis are known for their distinctive practice of Sama, a whirling dance that is considered a form of spiritual meditation. Their poetic and philosophical teachings have had a profound impact on Turkish culture and spirituality.

4. Tijani Order: The Tijani order, founded by Sheikh Ahmad Tijani in the 18th century, has a significant following in West Africa, particularly in countries such as Senegal, Mali, and Nigeria. This order places a strong emphasis on the remembrance of God through the recitation of specific prayers and invocations. The Tijani Sufis have played a crucial role in the spread of Islam in the region, and their teachings have become deeply embedded in the local Islamic traditions.

5. Rifa’i Order: The Rifa’i order, named after its founder Ahmed ar-Rifa’i, has a strong presence in countries such as Iraq, Egypt, and Sudan. This order is known for its intense devotional practices, including ritualized dancing and chanting. The Rifa’i Sufis have been influential in shaping the spiritual landscape of these countries, with their vibrant ceremonies and ecstatic rituals attracting a significant number of followers.

These are just a few examples of the diverse Sufi orders that exist across different countries with high populations of Sufis. Each order has its own unique teachings, practices, and spiritual lineage, contributing to the rich tapestry of Sufism in the world. The influence of these orders extends beyond the boundaries of specific countries, with their teachings and practices often spreading through migration, trade, and cultural exchange.

Regional variations in Sufi practices

Sufism, also known as Islamic mysticism, has a rich and diverse history that has spread across various regions around the world. While the essence of Sufism remains the same – seeking a deeper spiritual connection with Allah – there are notable regional variations in Sufi practices. These variations are influenced by cultural, historical, and social factors, resulting in unique expressions of Sufism within different countries. Some of the countries with the highest population of Sufis and their distinct regional variations in Sufi practices include:

1. Pakistan: With a significant population of Sufis, Pakistan is known for its vibrant Sufi traditions. The country is home to various Sufi orders, or tariqas, each with its own distinct practices and rituals. In Pakistan, Sufism often takes the form of qawwali, a devotional music genre that combines poetry, mysticism, and music to invoke spiritual connection.

2. Turkey: Turkey has a long-standing Sufi tradition, deeply rooted in the country’s history and culture. The Mevlevi Order, also known as the Whirling Dervishes, is one of the most well-known Sufi orders in Turkey. Their unique practice of the sema ceremony, which involves spinning in repetitive circles to achieve spiritual transcendence, is a captivating spectacle that attracts visitors from around the world.

3. Morocco: Sufism in Morocco is characterized by the influence of indigenous Berber traditions and Islamic mysticism. The country is home to several prominent Sufi brotherhoods, such as the Hamadsha and the Gnawa, who incorporate music, dance, and trance-like states into their rituals. The annual Festival of Sufi Culture in Fez showcases the rich diversity of Sufi practices in Morocco.

4. Indonesia: As the world’s largest Muslim-majority country, Indonesia has a significant population of Sufis. The country’s Sufi practices often blend Islamic teachings with local cultural elements, such as Javanese mysticism. The Qadiriyya and Naqshbandiyya orders are particularly influential in Indonesia, with their followers engaging in various spiritual practices, including zikr (chanting the names of Allah) and meditation.

5. Egypt: Sufism has a deep-rooted presence in Egypt, with numerous Sufi orders spread across the country. One of the most prominent Sufi orders in Egypt is the Mawlawiyya, which shares similarities with the Mevlevi Order in Turkey. Egyptians also engage in zikr rituals, where followers gather to recite the names of Allah in a rhythmic and communal manner.

While these countries have a high population of Sufis, it is important to note that Sufi practices are not limited to these regions alone. Sufism has a global reach, with followers and practitioners found in various other countries as well. The regional variations in Sufi practices reflect the diversity and adaptability of this mystical tradition, as it continues to evolve and thrive in different cultural contexts.

Factors Influencing the Presence of Sufis in Different Countries

Historical, cultural, and religious factors

Historical, cultural, and religious factors play a significant role in the presence of Sufis in different countries. The following are some key aspects that have influenced the population of Sufis in various regions:

1. Historical Context:
– The historical context of a country often shapes the prevalence of Sufism within its borders. Sufism emerged during the early years of Islam and spread across different regions over time.
– Countries that have a long history of Islamic rule and influence, such as Iran, Turkey, and Egypt, have a higher population of Sufis due to their deep-rooted connection with Sufi traditions.

2. Cultural Diversity:
– The cultural diversity within a country can also contribute to the presence of Sufis. In countries with diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds, Sufism often serves as a unifying force that transcends these differences.
– For example, in India, which has a rich tapestry of religious and cultural traditions, Sufism has gained a significant following among both Muslims and non-Muslims, fostering a sense of communal harmony and inclusivity.

3. Religious Tolerance:
– The level of religious tolerance within a country can influence the growth and acceptance of Sufism. Countries that embrace religious pluralism and promote tolerance tend to have a higher population of Sufis.
– Morocco is a noteworthy example, where Sufism has flourished due to the country’s long-standing tradition of religious tolerance and acceptance of different Islamic sects.

4. Sufi Orders and Saints:
– The presence of Sufi orders and revered saints in a country can attract a larger population of Sufis. These orders provide spiritual guidance, teachings, and rituals that resonate with individuals seeking a deeper connection with the divine.
– Pakistan, for instance, has a significant population of Sufis due to the influence of various Sufi orders and the veneration of renowned saints like Lal Shahbaz Qalandar and Data Ganj Bakhsh.

5. Political Climate:
– The political climate of a country can impact the visibility and acceptance of Sufism. In countries with more liberal and inclusive political systems, Sufis often enjoy greater freedom to practice and propagate their beliefs.
– Indonesia stands out as a country with a sizeable Sufi population, as its political climate has historically fostered religious diversity and allowed Sufism to thrive alongside other Islamic traditions.

In conclusion, the presence of Sufis in different countries is influenced by historical, cultural, and religious factors. The historical context, cultural diversity, religious tolerance, the presence of Sufi orders and saints, as well as the political climate, all contribute to the varying populations of Sufis across the globe. By understanding these factors, one can gain insights into the reasons behind the prominence of Sufism in certain countries.

Political and social dynamics

Social Dynamics

The presence of Sufis in different countries is influenced by a variety of political and social dynamics. These factors play a crucial role in shaping the population of Sufis within a particular country. Here are some key aspects to consider:

1. Historical Context: The historical context of a country can greatly influence the prevalence of Sufis. For example, countries with a long history of Sufi orders and traditions are more likely to have a higher population of Sufis. This is because Sufism has had a significant impact on the cultural and religious fabric of these countries over the centuries.

2. State Policies: The policies and attitudes of the state towards Sufism can also shape the population of Sufis within a country. In some countries, Sufism is officially recognized and supported by the government, leading to a larger Sufi presence. Conversely, in countries where Sufism is marginalized or even persecuted, the population of Sufis may be smaller.

3. Religious Landscape: The religious landscape of a country can impact the population of Sufis as well. In countries where Islam is the dominant religion, there is often a higher proportion of Sufis. This is because Sufism is deeply rooted in Islamic spirituality and has historically been associated with various Islamic sects and orders.

4. Social Acceptance: The level of social acceptance and tolerance towards Sufism within a society can also influence the population of Sufis. In countries where Sufism is widely accepted and embraced by the general population, there tends to be a larger community of Sufis. On the other hand, in societies where Sufism is met with skepticism or opposition, the number of Sufis may be relatively smaller.

5. Cultural Influence: The cultural influence of Sufism within a country can also contribute to the size of its Sufi population. Countries with a strong cultural heritage of Sufism, such as music, poetry, and art inspired by Sufi teachings, often have a higher concentration of Sufis. This is because Sufism becomes deeply intertwined with the cultural identity of the people, leading to a greater number of individuals adopting Sufi practices.

6. Migration: Migration patterns can also impact the population of Sufis in different countries. Sufis may migrate to countries where they feel their spiritual practices and beliefs are more accepted or valued. This can lead to an increase in the population of Sufis in these countries, particularly in areas with a high concentration of migrants from Sufi-practicing regions.

It is important to note that the presence of Sufis in a country is not solely determined by these factors but is the result of a complex interplay of various historical, political, social, and cultural dynamics. Understanding these influences can provide insights into why certain countries have a higher population of Sufis compared to others.

Misconceptions and Challenges Faced by Sufis

Addressing misconceptions about Sufism

Misconceptions about Sufism have persisted throughout history, and it is important to address these misunderstandings in order to gain a better understanding of the religion. Here are some of the common misconceptions about Sufism and the truths that counter them:

1. Sufism is a sect within Islam: One of the most common misconceptions about Sufism is that it is a separate sect within Islam. In reality, Sufism is not a distinct sect, but rather a mystical dimension of Islam that is practiced by Muslims from various sects, including Sunni and Shia. Sufis follow the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad, but they also emphasize the inner spiritual journey and the pursuit of a direct, personal experience of the divine.

2. Sufism is a secretive and closed-off tradition: Another misconception about Sufism is that it is a secretive and closed-off tradition. While it is true that some Sufi orders have practices and rituals that are only accessible to their members, Sufism as a whole is not a secretive tradition. In fact, Sufis have been known to actively engage with the wider community, sharing their teachings and practices with others. Many Sufi saints and scholars have written extensively about Sufism, making their teachings accessible to a wider audience.

3. Sufism is focused on rituals and ceremonies: Sufism is often misunderstood as being solely focused on rituals and ceremonies. While rituals and ceremonies do play a role in Sufi practice, they are not the essence of Sufism. At its core, Sufism is about the inner spiritual journey and the cultivation of a deep, personal relationship with God. Sufis seek to purify their hearts and souls through practices such as meditation, remembrance of God, and self-reflection. These practices are meant to lead to a state of spiritual awakening and union with the divine.

4. Sufism promotes escapism and world-renunciation: Some people mistakenly believe that Sufism promotes escapism and world-renunciation, encouraging its followers to withdraw from worldly affairs. While Sufis do emphasize the importance of detachment from material possessions and ego-driven desires, this does not mean that they advocate for complete withdrawal from the world. In fact, many Sufis actively engage in social and humanitarian work, seeing it as a way to serve God and humanity. Sufi teachings emphasize the need for balance, encouraging individuals to be in the world but not of the world.

By addressing these misconceptions and understanding the true nature of Sufism, we can gain a deeper appreciation for this rich and diverse spiritual tradition. Sufism is not a separate sect within Islam, but rather a mystical dimension that is practiced by Muslims from various sects. It is not a secretive and closed-off tradition, but one that actively engages with the wider community. Sufism is not solely focused on rituals and ceremonies, but rather on the inner spiritual journey and the cultivation of a personal relationship with the divine. And finally, Sufism does not promote escapism and world-renunciation, but rather encourages balance and engagement with the world.

Challenges faced by Sufis in different countries

Sufism, a mystical Islamic belief system, has a significant following in various countries around the world. However, Sufis often encounter unique challenges and obstacles in practicing their faith. The challenges faced by Sufis differ from country to country due to various socio-political and cultural factors. Here are some examples of the challenges faced by Sufis in different countries:

• Sectarian violence: Sufis in Pakistan face significant challenges due to the rise of sectarian violence perpetrated by extremist groups. These groups often target Sufi shrines and gatherings, considering them to be unorthodox or deviant from their own interpretations of Islam.
• Marginalization: Sufis in Pakistan often face marginalization within the broader Muslim community. Some conservative factions view Sufism as a form of heresy or superstition, leading to the exclusion of Sufis from mainstream religious activities and institutions.

• Legal restrictions: Sufis in Pakistan have also faced legal challenges, such as restrictive laws that limit their ability to practice and propagate their beliefs freely. These laws, often influenced by conservative ideologies, can hinder the growth and visibility of Sufism in the country.

• Secularization: In Turkey, Sufis have faced challenges due to the country’s historical process of secularization. As Turkey embraced a more secular state ideology, Sufism was marginalized and suppressed, leading to the closure of Sufi lodges and restrictions on Sufi practices.

• Political polarization: Turkey’s political landscape has become increasingly polarized in recent years, with tensions between secular and conservative factions. Sufis, who often promote a more spiritual and inclusive form of Islam, can find themselves caught in the crossfire of these political divisions.

• Rise of conservative Islam: The rise of conservative Islamic movements in Turkey has also posed challenges for Sufis. Some conservative groups view Sufism as contradictory to their strict interpretation of Islam, leading to criticism and marginalization of Sufis within certain segments of society.

• Inter-religious tensions: Sufis in India face challenges due to tensions between different religious communities. While Sufism promotes unity and tolerance, it has been targeted by extremist elements from various religious groups who perceive Sufis as deviating from their own religious beliefs.

• Cultural assimilation: Sufis in India have also faced challenges in preserving their distinct cultural and religious practices. As the country becomes increasingly influenced by globalization and modernization, traditional Sufi practices and rituals are at risk of being diluted or assimilated into mainstream culture.
• Political marginalization: Sufis in India often face political marginalization, with limited representation and influence in mainstream politics. This marginalization can hinder their ability to advocate for their rights and protect their religious and cultural heritage.

It is important to note that the challenges faced by Sufis in these countries are not exhaustive and may vary within different regions and contexts. Nonetheless, understanding these challenges is crucial in promoting religious tolerance, diversity, and the protection of Sufi traditions.

FAQs: Which Countries Have the Highest Population of Sufis?

Q: What is Sufism?

A: Sufism is a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes spiritual experiences and the inner journey to seek closeness with God. It is characterized by practices such as meditation, chanting, and the use of poetry to express devotion and love for God. Sufis are known for their deep spirituality and focus on unity, compassion, and selflessness.

Q: Which countries have the highest population of Sufis?

A: Sufism is a widely practiced and influential branch of Islam, with followers found in various countries around the world. However, some countries have a higher population of Sufis due to historical and cultural reasons. It’s important to note that these numbers are approximate and subject to change.

Q: Are there any predominant countries with a large Sufi population?

A: Yes, several countries have a significant population of Sufis. Some of the countries with a notable presence of Sufis include:
1. India: India has a rich Sufi heritage and is home to a vast population of Sufi practitioners. Places like Ajmer Sharif Dargah in Rajasthan and Hazrat Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi are prominent spiritual centers for Sufis.
2. Pakistan: Sufism has a deep-rooted history in Pakistan and continues to be an important aspect of religious and cultural life. From shrines like Data Darbar in Lahore to Lal Shahbaz Qalandar’s shrine in Sindh, there are several significant Sufi sites in the country.
3. Turkey: Turkey has been greatly influenced by Sufism, particularly through the teachings of famous Sufi poet Rumi, who lived in the 13th century. Sufism in Turkey is deeply integrated into society, and the country has numerous Sufi orders and vibrant Sufi communities. Places like Konya, Rumi’s final resting place, attract visitors from around the world.
4. Morocco: Morocco has a longstanding Sufi tradition, with notable Sufi orders and influential spiritual leaders. Cities like Fez, Marrakech, and Casablanca have Sufi practices deeply ingrained in their cultural fabric.
5. Indonesia: Although predominantly Muslim, Indonesia has a unique blend of Islam with local customs and traditions, including Sufi practices. The country has a substantial Sufi population, particularly in regions like Java and Sumatra.
These countries are just a few examples, and Sufism also has followers in other countries such as Bangladesh, Egypt, Iran, Algeria, and Sudan, among others. It is important to remember that Sufism is not limited to specific regions and can be found in various parts of the world.

Q: Is Sufism restricted to Muslim-majority countries?

A: While Sufism is traditionally associated with Islam, its influence does extend beyond Muslim-majority countries. Sufi teachings and practices have attracted people from diverse religious backgrounds who are drawn to its mystical and spiritual aspects. Sufism has also influenced other branches of Islam and has found followers in countries with different religious demographics.

Q: How does the population of Sufis vary in these countries?

A: The population of Sufis in these countries can vary significantly. In some countries, Sufism is deeply ingrained in the local culture and has a widespread influence, while in others, it may be more localized and limited to specific regions or communities. Additionally, the prominence of Sufi orders and influential spiritual leaders can also play a role in shaping the population of Sufis within a country. It is important to remember that these populations can change over time due to various factors such as social, political, and cultural changes.

Top 15 countries with the most Sufis